What Is Squamous Cell Carcinoma Of The Larynx

Who Helps Diagnose And Treat Laryngeal Cancer

A laryngeal cancer care team often consists of multiple providers from different fields:

• Head and neck surgeons provide surgical care for tumors.
• Radiation oncologists use radiation therapy to treat cancer.
• Medical oncologists use medication, such as chemotherapy, to treat cancer.
• Otolaryngologists treat head and neck diseases.
• Dentists and oral surgeons offer services such as X-rays and treat oral cancer.
• Speech-language pathologists evaluate and treat speech, language, voice, cognitive and swallowing disorders.
• Registered dietitians help people find a nutritious diet based on their health, condition, illness or injury.
• Social workers can address concerns and provide information to patients and families. They also offer counseling, referrals to local and national resources, information about support groups and financial assistance information.
• Primary care providers often oversee general medical care during cancer treatment.

What Other Tests Help Diagnose Laryngeal Cancer

Other diagnostic tests include:

• Imaging scans:CT or MRI scans provide detailed images of the body. A chest X-ray can see if cancer has spread to the lungs.
• Laryngoscopy: Your provider uses a thin, lighted tube called an endoscope to examine your larynx.
• PET scan: During a PET scan, a provider injects a small, safe dose of a radioactive substance into your vein. The substance highlights abnormal areas. A PET scanner machine creates 3D pictures from the energy the substance gives off.
• Biopsy: During a biopsy, your provider removes a small piece of any abnormal tissue in the larynx to examine under a microscope.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma Of The Head And Neck Treatment Market: Pin

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Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck is a type of cancer developing from the tissues in the salivary glands, mouth, larynx, or face skin. According to the World Health Organizations classification of head and neck tumors , various types of squamous cell carcinoma , namely, conventional, verrucous, basaloid, papillary, spindle cell, acantholytic, adenosquamous, and cuniculatum. These SCCs happens either in the nasopharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, trachea, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, oral cavity, or oropharynx. Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck is caused majorly due to the consumption of tobacco or alcohol. These types of cancers are generally curable if diagnosed at an early stage. The Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck cancer can be treated by including a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy.

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1. Sanofi

Highlights the following key factors:

1) Business description-A detailed description of the companys operations and business divisions.

2) Corporate strategy Analysts summarization of the companys business strategy.

Segmentation

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What Are The Risks If Larynx Cancer Is Left Untreated

Larynx cancer that is not treated will continue to progress and cause significant detriment to a patients health. As the tumor grows patients will experience progressive worsening of their ability to swallow, speak, and breathe. Ultimately this can cause severe nutritional problems, breathing problems, and ultimately result in the untimely death of a patient.

How Cancer Affects Vocal Function

As tumors grow they encroach on the airway and affect the muscles of the voice box. These muscles are vitally important in providing protection of the trachea during swallowing of solids, liquids and saliva. When interfered with, closure of the larynx is incomplete and can lead to severe coughing, choking or even chronic pneumonia. The structure of the voice box also provides rigid support for the trachea to facilitate respiration. Compromise of this function causes shortness of breath, noisy and labored breathing. Finally, the larynx is important in communication. The voice box consists of upper and lower components. The upper part is called the supraglottic larynx and consists of the epiglottis false vocal cords and supporting muscles within the framework of the cartilaginous “box” called the thyroid cartilage. When cancers grow here, they interfere with swallowing and cause pain in the ear, but only affect the voice in a minor way, leading to “thick” speech, “hot potato” voice or change in timbre. The lower part of the voice box contains the true vocal cords and extends down to the top of the windpipe, the cricoid cartilage. Cancer in this region, termed the glottis, causes significant hoarseness as the primary symptom.

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Laryngeal Cancer Is A Disease In Which Malignant Cells Form In The Tissues Of The Larynx

The larynx is a part of the throat, between the base of the tongue and the trachea. The larynx contains the vocal cords, which vibrate and make sound when air is directed against them. The sound echoes through the pharynx, mouth, and nose to make a person’s voice.

There are three main parts of the larynx:

• Supraglottis: The upper part of the larynx above the vocal cords, including theepiglottis.
• Glottis: The middle part of the larynx where the vocal cords are located.
• Subglottis: The lower part of the larynx between the vocal cords and the trachea .

Most laryngeal cancers form in squamous cells, the thin, flat cells lining the inside of the larynx.

Laryngeal cancer is a type of head and neck cancer.

What Is Laryngeal Cancer

Laryngeal cancer starts in the cells of the larynx . A cancerous tumour is a group of cancer cells that can grow into and destroy nearby tissue. It can also spread to other parts of the body.

The larynx is part of the respiratory system. It is the tube that connects the throat to the windpipe . The vocal cords are 2 bands of muscle in the middle of the larynx that make sounds and help you speak. The larynx helps keep food and fluids from entering the windpipe. The larynx plays an important role when we breathe, swallow and speak.

Cells in the larynx sometimes change and no longer grow or behave normally. These changes may lead to non-cancerous conditions such as chronic laryngitis and vocal cord nodules. They can also lead to non-cancerous tumours such as vocal cord polyps and laryngeal papillomatosis.

Changes to cells of the larynx can also cause precancerous conditions. This means that the abnormal cells are not yet cancer but there is a higher chance that they will become cancer. The most common precancerous condition of the larynx is dysplasia.

But in some cases, changes to laryngeal cells can cause cancer. Most often, laryngeal cancer starts in flat, thin cells called squamous cells. These cells cover the inside of the larynx. This type of cancer is called squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. Laryngeal cancer can develop anywhere in the larynx. It often starts in the middle of the larynx, close to the vocal cords. Most squamous cell cancers begin as dysplasia.

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How Are Head And Neck Cancers Treated

Head and neck cancer treatment can include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, or a combination of treatments. The treatment plan for an individual patient depends on a number of factors, including the location of the tumor, the stage of the cancer, and the persons age and general health.

Tests That Examine The Throat And Neck Are Used To Help Diagnose And Stage Laryngeal Cancer

The following tests and procedures may be used:

• Physical exam of the throat and neck: An exam to check the throat and neck for abnormal areas. The doctor will feel the inside of the mouth with a gloved finger and examine the mouth and throat with a small long-handled mirror and light. This will include checking the insides of the cheeks and lips the gums the back, roof, and floor of the mouth the top, bottom, and sides of the tongue and the throat. The neck will be felt for swollen lymph nodes. A history of the patients health habits and past illnesses and medical treatments will also be taken.
• Biopsy: The removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer. The sample of tissue may be removed during one of the following procedures:
• Laryngoscopy: A procedure in which the doctor checks the larynx with a mirror or a laryngoscope to check for abnormal areas.A laryngoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing the inside of the throat and voice box. It may also have a tool to remove tissue samples, which are checked under a microscope for signs of cancer.
• Endoscopy: A procedure to look at organs and tissues inside the body, such as the throat, esophagus, and trachea to check for abnormal areas. An endoscope is inserted through an opening in the body, such as the mouth. A special tool on the endoscope may be used to remove samples of tissue.

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What Are Cancers Of The Head And Neck

Cancers that are known collectively as head and neck cancers usually begin in the squamous cells that line the mucosal surfaces of the head and neck . These cancers are referred to as squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Head and neck cancers can also begin in the salivary glands, sinuses, or muscles or nerves in the head and neck, but these types of cancer are much less common than squamous cell carcinomas .

Cancers of the head and neck can form in the:

Oral cavity: Includes the lips, the front two-thirds of the tongue, the gums, the lining inside the cheeks and lips, the floor of the mouth under the tongue, the hard palate , and the small area of the gum behind the wisdom teeth.

Throat : The pharynx is a hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and leads to the esophagus. It has three parts: the nasopharynx the oropharynx the hypopharynx .

Voice box : The voice box is a short passageway formed by cartilage just below the pharynx in the neck. The voice box contains the vocal cords. It also has a small piece of tissue, called the epiglottis, which moves to cover the voice box to prevent food from entering the air passages.

Paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity: The paranasal sinuses are small hollow spaces in the bones of the head surrounding the nose. The nasal cavity is the hollow space inside the nose.

History Of The Procedure

The development of the technique of direct laryngoscopy by Manuel Garcia in 1855 provided the ability to examine the larynx in a living person for the first time. The first laryngofissure procedure for cancer was performed by Gurdon Buck in 1851, while Theodor Billroth is credited with the first laryngectomy in 1873. Postoperative mortality from this procedure was very high , mainly due to aspiration and .

Constant improvement in technique and perioperative care led to improved outcomes. A standardized laryngectomy technique perfected by Gluck and Soerensen by 1922 yielded excellent surgical outcomes with few fatalities. Billroth and Gluck also described hemilaryngectomies, but these procedures resulted in high recurrence rates and intractable dysphagia. Partial laryngectomies gradually regained an important role as a therapeutic option for laryngeal cancer mainly through improved techniques and recognition of appropriate indications. In recent years, surgery of laryngeal cancer has evolved to refined endoscopic and laser techniques.

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What Are The Risk Factors For Laryngeal Cancer

Smoking or using other tobacco products greatly increases your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. Drinking alcohol, especially a lot of it, also raises your risk. And using alcohol and tobacco together increases the risk even more.

Other risk factors for laryngeal cancer include:

• Age: Laryngeal cancer happens more in people age 55 and older.
• Gender: Men are more likely to develop this cancer, possibly because smoking and heavy alcohol consumption happen more among men.
• History of head and neck cancer: About one in four people who have had head and neck cancer will get it again.
• Job: People who have exposure to certain substances at work are at higher risk. These substances include sulfuric acid mist, wood dust, nickel, asbestos or manufacturing mustard gas. People who work with machines are also at higher risk.

Evaluation Of Risk Factors For Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Single

• 1Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
• 2Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
• 3NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
• 4Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
• 5Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States

Background: The survival rate of patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma is correlated with several factors. However, the independent prognostic factors of patients with LSCC remain unclear. Thus, we sought to identify prognostic factors affecting LSCC outcomes in the Chinese population.

Methods: The survival and potential prognostic factors of 211 patients with LSCC between April 2011 and July 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Overall survival and progression free survival were estimated by the Kaplan Meier method, and a log-rank test was used to compare the possible prognostic factors between different groups. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to perform multivariable analysis of significant covariants.

Pathological differentiation, alcohol consumption, are independent prognostic factors and predictors of recurrence in LSCC. These factors could help inform guidelines for clinical treatment and prognosis.

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Understanding Laryngeal Advanced Cancer

Laryngeal/Voice BoxComposed of vocal folds, muscles, and framework cartilages key for voice, breathing, airway protection

Early Cancer: T1 = affects only one site on larynx, no spread, normal vocal fold motion T2 = involves more than one site on larynx, vocal fold function abnormal but still moving

Advanced Cancer: T3 = complete non-movement of one vocal fold T4=invades thyroid cartilage or structures outside of the voice box

TNM StagingT, tumor type N, lymph nodes involved M, spread to other body parts or metastasis

Vocal Folds A pair of specialized tissues in the voice box that vibrates for sound production comprised of ordered layers of epithelium, superficial lamina propria, vocal ligament, and thyroarytenoid muscle

What is advanced cancer?

Advanced laryngeal cancer is divided into four main stages, depending on how advanced it has become or how far it has spread.

Key Information

This staging system only applies to squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx, the most common type of laryngeal cancer.

Four Main Stages of Laryngeal Cancer

Staging is based on three characteristics that describe the tumor and its extent :

T = Tumor characteristicsN = lymph Nodes spreadM = Metastatic tumor spread

Staging is important in treatment management. Staging the laryngeal cancer helps determine what type of treatment is most appropriate and what the patients expected outcome is likely to be.

T-StagingT1 Tumors: Early CancerT2 Tumors: Early CancerN- and M-Staging

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What Are Head And Neck Cancer Symptoms

Head and neck cancer symptoms may include a lump in the neck or a sore in the mouth or the throat that does not heal and may be painful, a sore throat that does not go away, difficulty in swallowing, and a change or hoarseness in the voice. These symptoms may also be caused by other, less serious conditions. It is important to check with a doctor or dentist about any of these symptoms.

Symptoms of cancers in specific areas of the head and neck include:

Oral cavity. A white or red patch on the gums, the tongue, or the lining of the mouth a growth or swelling of the jaw that causes dentures to fit poorly or become uncomfortable and unusual bleeding or pain in the mouth.

Throat . Pain when swallowing pain in the neck or the throat that does not go away pain or ringing in the ears or trouble hearing.

Voice box . Trouble breathing or speaking, pain when swallowing or ear pain.

Paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity. Sinuses that are blocked and do not clear chronic sinus infections that do not respond to treatment with antibiotics bleeding through the nose frequent headaches, swelling or other trouble with the eyes pain in the upper teeth or problems with dentures.

Salivary glands. Swelling under the chin or around the jawbone, numbness or paralysis of the muscles in the face, or pain in the face, the chin, or the neck that does not go away.